{"id":143,"date":"2018-05-24T16:41:40","date_gmt":"2018-05-24T16:41:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/exhibits.truman.edu\/bookofhours\/?page_id=143"},"modified":"2022-11-15T15:40:26","modified_gmt":"2022-11-15T15:40:26","slug":"how-is-it-made","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/exhibits.truman.edu\/bookofhours\/about\/how-is-it-made\/","title":{"rendered":"How is a Book of Hours Created?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Parchment and Ruling<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Scriptoriums<\/strong><\/h3>

Books during the Middle Ages were often produced in scriptoriums which were typically found in\u00a0monasteries and other ecclesiastical institutions as they were major centers for learning. [1]\u00a0<\/span>During the eleventh and twelfth centuries lay scribes and illuminators would travel to monasteries due to this.<\/span><\/p>

However, around the year 1200, books began being produced by lay people who had established themselves in certain cities and made it their sole job to create books. Books were continuing to be made by clergymen as well as monks during this time as well. [2]<\/span><\/p>

The Use of Vellum<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>

While paper was known during the early Middle Ages it was not produced in large quantities and became more established with the development of printing. [3] As such, Books of Hours and manuscripts during this time were made out of vellum.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Vellum is typically made from the skins of sheep or calves and it is the size of this animal that denoted the maximum size of a book. [4] Smaller books could have several pages cut from one skin while the larger books could have a sheet represent one animal. [5]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>

To learn more about vellum follow this link:<\/span><\/p>

Youtube: Vellum Through the Ages by\u00a0
Phillip Pirages
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The Making of Ink<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>

In order to make ink one would use carbon and add gum and water to create a permanent black. Or they could make it using iron gall which is sulphate of iron and oak apples and then add gum and water to produce a brownish tint. [6]<\/span><\/p>

In order to make colored ink the user would have to gather the proper materials. Colored ink is made from a variety of substances, like animal, vegetable, and mineral. [7] These substances could be commonly found, but some were located much farther away. Lapis lazuli, which creates a deep blue ink is a mineral that could only be found in mines in Afghanistan. [8]<\/span><\/p>

In order to create a gold ink the user would need to ground the mineral into a powder and mix it into paint or have the mineral beaten into a leaf which would then be laid over and adhesive ground and then burnished. [9]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>

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Lettre B\u00e2tarde<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lettre B\u00e2tarde or lettre bourguignome [10] is the script used in this Book of Hours. It is characterized by the tall s and f that fall below the line. [11]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

This script began being used in Flanders during the 1400s. [12]<\/span><\/p>

There are several other characterizations that is typical of this script such as with the letters v, q, a, and d and others. [13] Within Figure 1 the focus will be on the different ways s and f are shown.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Above is text taken from Figure 1. Within this text are examples of lettre b\u00e2tarde script.<\/span><\/p>